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We found that PA-S14 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via LKB1-AMPK-PGC-1 signaling pathway, which protects against renal TECs cell senescence, renal fibrosis in various CKD models, such as unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI), adriamycin nephropathy and 5/6 nephrectomized model (Liu et al., 2022a) (Table 1)

Omega-3 PUFAs derived from food consumption, undergo partial metabolism by anaerobic bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the distal intestine, consequently affecting the composition of the gut microbiota (98)